The Representation of Crime in London's Media Essay

The Representation of Crime in London's Media - Essay Example Media like to present the most sensational news to the readers. In the case of crimes also there is a tendency to publish the ideal victims more frequently than the other victims. It has become so common in the world and the same is with the media in London. The part played by media in representing the crimes cannot be neglected as in the new era of information technology. The Book titled Victims, Crime and Society edited by Pamela Davies, Peter Francis, and Chris Gheer state the importance of media in dealing with the reporting of crimes and the related matters very well. They consider media as, â€Å"They are of fundamental importance to those who would promote a particular view of crime victims and victimization, or seek to challenge or change existing views† (Davies, Francis & Greer, 2007, p.8). So the news articles in media influence people and make a vision of the reality in the minds of readers. The points of a medium are different from another and so the reality is cat egorized in each and every newspaper. The visual media also is filled with the elements of crime in it. The people of London cannot get away from the clutches of TV and internet. They are attached to it very deeply. The crimes appear in these agencies attract people’s attention to it. ... Surely, the involvement of media can be seen in each and every crime recorded in media. Not all crimes get space in the media and those crimes which have news value find its space in the media. Chris Greer comments, â€Å"†¦there exists a hierarchy of victimization, both reflected and reinforced in media and official discourses. At one extreme, those who acquire the status of ‘ideal victim’ may attract massive levels of media attention, generate collective mourning on a near global scale, and drive significant change to social and criminal justice policy and practice (Greer, 2004, p.22). The writer further gives the description of ideal victims as â€Å"a person or category of individuals who- when hit by crime-most readily are given the complete and legitimate status of being a victim, including those who are perceived as vulnerable, defenseless, innocent and worthy of sympathy and compassion† (Greer, 2004, p.22). In this manner those persons who can catch attention and sympathy of the readers easily is grouped into ideal victim. The ideal victim should possess a note of compassion and sympathy from the readers. The more intensity of the ideal victims, the higher is the chances for its appearance in news media. These persons increase the circulation of the media in the society. Crime is a key ingredient of a news media. Almost in every news media there is special space for adding crime stories, just like giving special space for sports news. David Levinson in Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, Volume1-4 rightly puts, â€Å"Researchers analyzing a variety of different types media and media markets have found that crime accounts for between 20 and 50 percent of the total space available for news† (Levinson,

Electricity Demand and Supply Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Electricity Demand and Supply Pakistan Essay Electricity load-shedding in Pakistan is one of the biggest domestic problems faced by the country. Along with the problems that the power shortage brings for the society as a whole and for the inhabitants of the society the power failures seriously curbs the economic potential of the economy. Considering most of the medium and large scale industries of Pakistan depend on machinery that is run by electricity they are heavily dependent on the electricity supply, with the electricity supply cut their production capacity decreases dramatically as well. Since most of Pakistani manufacturing industries lack the self generation ability hence this power outage is even more harmful to their business. So eventually what ends up happening is that along with creating general distress among the public this power shortage reduces the production capacity of the firms and hence reduces the aggregate supply. Aggregate supply can be defined as the total supply of goods and services that firms in a national economy plan on selling during a specific time period. It is the total amount of goods and services that firms are willing to sell at a given price level in an economy. It is the total amount of goods and services that firms are willing to sell at a given price level in an economy. In the long run, the aggregate-supply curve is assumed to be vertical In the short run, the aggregate-supply curve is assumed to be upward sloping SRAS (Short run aggregate demand) shows total planned output when prices in the economy can change but the prices and productivity of all factor inputs e.g. wage rates and the state of technology are assumed to be held constant. LRAS (Long run aggregate supply) shows total planned output when both prices and average wage rates can change – it is a measure of a country’s potential output and the concept is linked strongly to that of the production poss ibility frontier The SRAS and LRAS can be graphically represented as follows: SRAS LRAS Now what happens is that firms will have to cut down their production process in order to effectively meet the costs incurred or it will come to a position of losses. The cutting down of the production process means  decreasing the supply of the firm. As a firm produces lesser than it did before, fewer workers will be needed because the excess labor has been made redundant since fewer employees are now needed to produce lesser output. Moreover, the firm can no longer afford to employ as many workers as it did before. Hence this will eventually give rise to over the course of time as many workers have will have to be laid off in industries due to low activity. This will invariably decrease the total consumption of the population because as the unemployment increases the purchasing power of the people also falls. They are now earning fewer wages and the income effect will lead to a drastic decrease in the consumption. Consumption is one of the major contributors in the aggregate demand function. We define aggregate demand as the total demand for all goods and services produced in the economy at a given time and price level. It is the amount of goods and services in the economy that will be produced at all possible price levels. The aggregate demand is usually described as a linear sum of four separable demand sources.[3] Where: C = Consumption I = Investment G = Government Spending (X-M) = Net Exports – Net Imports The graph for AD is as follows: It is often cited that the aggregate demand curve is downward sloping because at lower price levels a greater quantity is demanded. While this is correct at the microeconomic, single good level, at the aggregate level this is incorrect. The aggregate demand curve is in fact downward sloping as a result of the Pigou’s wealth effect. Pigou effect is an economics term that refers to the stimulation of output and employment caused by increasing consumption due to a rise in real balances of wealth, particularly during deflation. Keynes said that a drop in aggregate demand could lower employment and the price level (deflationary depression). Hence it can be  said that any decrease in the consumption would bring about a fall in the aggregate demand. Consumer demand or consumption, that is also known as personal consumption expenditure, is the largest part of aggregate demand or effective demand at the macroeconomic level. The interaction of the aggregate demand and aggregate supply gives us the market equilibrium. Now as has been previously pointed out, frequent power cuts will mean a cutting down of the production process which invariably brings about a decrease in the aggregate supply. What happens is that as aggregate supply decreases with the aggregate demand being constant (as obviously people would still be demanding the same quantity of products) inflation will increase as shown below: Now here we can see with AS moving to a new point as it decreases it is actually increasing the price level which results in inflation and as a result unemployment increases as well, because when there is inflation in the economy there is a rise in prices hence there is a fall in the demand of goods and services and the producers reduce their production level and as a result they end up decreasing the number of workers which means unemployment increases. Unemployment on the macroeconomic level is a sign that the economy is operating below its full production capacity, this is a sign of inefficiency. Here we can see that inflation is playing a key role in determining the employment level. Hence we’ll have a look at how load shedding gives rise to inflation. Inflation is conventionally defined as a general increase in the level of prices in goods and services. One of the effects of inflation is a decrease in the value of money. During the course of inflation income and prices do not increase at the same rate; the purchasing power of the nation as a whole drops. One of the reasons of inflation is surplus amount of money which causes the prices to rise at an extremely high rate. Other than that, another reason for inflation is the rise in the costs of production which in turn increases the prices of the products. Moreover inflation occurs when aggregate supply exceeds aggregate demand hence increasing the price level. In the context of load shedding though, we see that it has been a triggering stimulus for initiating inflation. The CPI inflation averaged 23.5 percent in July-February 2008-09 in Pakistan as against 8.9 percent in the comparable period of last year. The deficiency of energy sources is causing stir on the demand side of the economic picture causing an increase in the demand for energy sources as it has a huge effect on all spheres of economy of a nation having a primary influence on industry level. The insufficiency of the available energy sources is causing the people to demand more electricity to meet their needs on the individual as well as industry level which in turn when observed in the context of graphical representation shows a shift of the demand curve to the right causing a shift of the equilibrium position increasing the price level. (Demand-Pull Inflation) The increase in level of inflation has also been caused due to an increase in the cost of energy sources. The scarcity of the energy resources available to the industries is making them shift to other sources for the purpose of energy generation which in turn has caused their costs to sky rocket. Now, due to the heavy burden that everyone has to face in this state of affairs is causing a shift of the AS curve in terms of graphical representation of the scenario. The increase in the costs of production for the industries in turn affects the aggregate supply causing it to decline. This shift of the AS curve to the left also then causes the equilibrium price level to rise, in turn stirring up inflation in the society (Cost- Push Inflation). The power tariffs imposed would further increase the industrial input cost which is already very high making the products more expensive in the domestic as well as the international market. As far as the international market is concerned, the competitive edge of a country would be lost as their goods are more expensive in comparison to the other countries.

Jean Piagets Contribution to Psychology Essay -- Jean Piaget Papers

Throughout history, many people have made amazing contributions to the school of psychology. One of these was Jean Piaget and his theories on the cognitive development stages. Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland. Here he studied at the university and received a doctorate in biology at the age of 22. Following his schooling he became increasingly interested in psychology and began much research and studying of the subject. From this research Piaget created a broad theoretical system for the development of cognitive abilities. His work, in this way, was much like that of Sigmund Freud, but Piaget emphasized the ways that children think and acquire knowledge. Piaget referred to his theory as genetic epistemology. This is defined as the study of the acquisition, modification, and growth of abstract ideas and the abilities as on the basis of an inherited or biological substrate, an intelligent functioning that makes the growth of abstract thought possible.(Ginsburg 5) Piaget derived his theories from directly observing children and by questioning them about their thinking. He was less interested in whether the children answered correctly than how they arrived at their answers. Piaget viewed intelligence as an extension of biological adaptation that has a logical structure. One of the central points of his theories was that of epigenesis. This is that growth and development occur in a series of stages, each of which is built on the successful mastery of the previous stage.(Furth 33) Piaget described four major stages leading to the capacity for adult thought. Each stage is a prerequisite for the following stage, but the rate at which different children move through different stages varies with their hered... ...ght, but on a higher level than in the past. Not all adolescents enter the stage at the same time or to the same degree. Depending on individual capacity some may not reach the stage at all and may remain in concrete operational mode throughout life. Despite the psychiatric applications Piaget's theories have been applied more widely in the area of education. Piaget's concepts have been used to resolve educational problems, such as assessing intellectual development, scholastic aptitude, grade placement, and reading readiness. Innovative early school programs, such as Head Start can be traced to Piaget's believe that experience plays a major role in human thought. Throughout his writings Piaget emphasized that the greater richness, complexity, and the diversity of the environment, the greater the likelihood that high levels of mental functioning are achieved.

The Change from Idealism to Realism In the Process of Growing Up In Bot

Introduction: In both Northanger Abbey and Sense and Sensibility, Jane Austen uses the concept of idealism in contrast with realism to elicit the theme of growing up and the effect it has on the characters’ points of view. This theme is most evident in the female protagonists-- Marianne Dashwood in Sense and Sensibility, and Catherine Morland in Northanger Abbey. Although both characters hold an ideal world in their minds, their personalities differ enormously. While Marianne imagines the world to be perfect and romantic, Catherine lives as a heroine and is constantly on the search for frightening scenes. However, despite this major difference, both protagonists go through memorable life experiences and eventually develop their perception from idealism to realism. In other words, although they possess different personalities, both Marianne and Catherine go through similar experiences of maturing from girls with fantasies to women who are forced to face reality. This then further leads int o the question, what is the effect of growth on a person’s mentality? Marianne Dashwood’s idealism: The Dashwood family has three daughters-- Elinor, Marianne, and Margaret. Among the three, Elinor, the eldest, represents sense as she has â€Å"an excellent heart; her disposition affectionate, and her feelings [are] strong: but she [knows] how to govern them† (Austen 6). In contrast, the second youngest sister Marianne is the representation of sensibility as she is â€Å"sensible and clever, but eager in everything,† she is also â€Å"generous, amiable, interesting†¦ everything but prudent† (Austen 6). After the death of their father, all of Mrs. Dashwood’s estate is taken away by the oldest male in the family, Henry Dashwood. While Elinor and her mother... ...earn from our mistakes-- that is how we grow. In Jane Austen’s novels, Marianne and Catherine are the definition of maturing. As the stories in both progress, Marianne and Catherine learn to take on new challenges and overcome new obstacles. Although there might be heartbreaking moments in their process of growing up, both characters eventually reach their moment of realization and decide to take off their goggles of idealism so to view the world better with the sight of realism. Is not this what life is all about? Living while trying to find a better definition for â€Å"living† and to find a better interpretation of the world we live in? Works Cited Austen, J. (2005). Northanger Abbey. New York City: Barnes & Noble Classics. (Original work published 1818) Austen, J. (1995). Sense and Sensibility. New York City: Dover Publications. (Original work published 1811)

Cold Blooded Murderer

Last night I awoke to the thunderous sound of helicopter blades, drumming themselves into my head. Everything around me shook violently, I could feel the wind hitting against my face as the leaves from nearby trees swirled around me. Particles of sand went flying into my watery eyes. The door gunner looked down at me, waving me into the aircraft, probably wondering what was taking me so long. He reached out his hand to help me in. When I opened my eyes, it was my wife that had my hand. There we lay in the darkness, under our warm duck-feathered quilt, her arms around me grasping me tightly. She was whispering something in my ear. I struggled to hear what it was as everything sounded fuzzy. I managed to catch a couple of words and came to the conclusion it was something about how much she loved me and that things are going to be okay. I rolled over and looked at her. The room was dark, but a hint of moonlight had seeped through the small opening between the curtains, and had cast a slight glow on her face. I could see her eyes twinkling and staring back. Those love filled eyes said it all. She didn't know exactly what was wrong, only that my enemies had come back to steal me from her. They didn't come often, she knew, but that I'd go off to war again. She knows that I always return, and that comforts her. However, the fear and thought that I won't come back is always at the back of her mind. Sometimes I wish she could see them, my enemies. That might help her understand why have to fight them, but I know it is best that she can't. For, this burden is best kept to myself, as even I barely have the strength to bare it. When my enemies come for me, I see them just as they were when they came the first time, before they died at my hands. Young, brave men, full of hatred and furious. They looked shabby from combat and death. I could still see the fire in their eyes. They would grind their teeth and growl as they raced to find me, as their twisted minds were bent on my death. As they searched through the cold frosty night I could hear their cries echo over the loud bangs of small fire arms, and of tank guns as they blasted away at nearby hilltop. Through the dense fog I could just about see them, waiting, their uniforms covered in the blood of my companions. They watch. They wait. They don't know I can see them. I don't have to see them. I hear them speaking to one another in their language which sounds like gibberish to me. I can smell their cigarettes and cheap cologne. I can almost taste their foul body odour as I breathe. Most of all, I can feel them around me, and their hatred for me piercing through me like a thousand knives. One by one, I follow them and slay them, taking them quickly and quietly. Every time I run my blade through them, I stare into their cold, bloodshot eyes and watch the life drain from their bodies. I wonder if I'll ever be in the place they are. Then I move on to the next. I even cut the throat of one man in front of a woman and her child. I hadn't realized it at first, they were there, watching, as I killed him. As he fell to the ground, I looked at the boy. He must have been around five or six, but he understood the concept of war. I could see it in his uncaring stare. It wasn't his father, I could tell, not that it would have made a difference to me, as I had turned into a cold blooded murderer. The boy just stared at me as I backed away, holding my finger to my lips to keep him quiet. His mother just reached down and put her hand over his mouth, and watched as I crept away. As always, I'll get on to that awaiting helicopter, the only survivor of an accomplished mission, victorious once again. Even though the battlefield below goes out of sight, I know I'll be back. I always come back here. I can't get away from this God-forsaken place. No matter how far I run, no matter how hard I try to hide, they will always come for me. Until someday I go to a place where I can't bring them with me. How could I tell her this? I could barely live with this burden in my life. Every helicopter, bang of fire arms, drop of blood reminded me of my inhumane doings. So I lay beside her looked into her eyes and told her I loved her, blanking out the reality of my life. I wished that I could stop the hands of time and forever lay beside her, in my arms and never face reality again.

Cerebral Palsy Essays - Disability, Neurological Disorders

Cerebral Palsy Essays - Disability, Neurological Disorders Cerebral Palsy Katherine Dillon Child Psychology Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a term used to describe disorders of movement that result from injury to the brain. It is a problem of muscle coordination. The muscles themselves are not effected but the brain is unable to send the appropriate signals necessary to instruct the muscles when to contract or relax. Cerebral Palsy can be caused by numerous problems occurring in the prenatal period, prematurity, labor and delivery complication in the newborn period due to genetic or chromosomal abnormality to the brain may not develop in the typical way. Some environmental factors such as drugs metabolic problems, and placental dysfunction may also lead to CP. Previously it was thought that most infants with cerebral palsy had brain injury because of difficulties during labor and delivery. Today only, a small portion of children who are later diagnosed to have Cp. had birth injuries or oxygen deprivation during delivery. There are three types of Cerebral Palsy. Spastic Cp. is the most common among children. Children with Spasticity will have tight or sometimes rigid muscles and are unable to move included limbs well. The imbalance and increased muscle tone may be slight and may appear as clumsiness. However this imbalance can also appear very severe so that the child in unable to move voluntarily with good control. Choreothetoid Cerebral Palsy is a term used when children have abrupt involuntary movements of the arm and legs. For people with this type of Cp. controlling the extremities to carry out activities is extremely difficult. Then there is mixed Cp. in which a person suffers a mixture of spacitiy and choreathetoid movement. Most Children with Cerebral Palsy can be diagnosed by the time they reach the age of eighteen months. Any predictions for an infant under 6 months are little better then guesses, and even for children younger then one it is difficult to predict the pattern of involvement. By the time the child is two years of age the physician can determine whether the child with Cp, has hemiplegia, dipelgia, or quadriplegia. It is worth saying that a child with Cerebral palsy does not stop doing activities once they have begun them. Such a loss of skills is called regression and that is not a characteristic of Cp. If regression occurs it is necessary to look for a different cause of the child's problem. In order for a child to be able to walk, some major events in motor control have to occur. A child must be able to hold his head up before he can sit on his own, and must be able to sit independently before he can walk on his own. It is generally assumed that if a child is not sitting up by himself b y the age 4 or walking by age 8, he will never be an independent walker. But a child who starts to walk by age 3 will certainly continue to walk when he is 13 years old unless he has a disorder other then Cp. The first questions usually asked by parents after they are told there child has cerebral palsy are What will my child be like? and Will he walk? When it comes to expectations and questions of what the future holds for a child with Cerebral Palsy, it is important to maintain a combination of optimism and realism. About one, half of all children with Cp. have seizures. A seizure is an abnormal message that may cause someone to loose control of his or her body. Children may take special medication to reduce their seizures. About one Fourth to one, half of kids with Cp. have some type of learning problem. It may be a learning disability or it may be more severe learning problem like mental retardation. Many children with Cp. may need ongoing therapy and devices such as wheelchair. Generally, 90% of children will live up to there 20's and beyond. However children with quadriplegia (affecting all 4 extremities) and severe mental retardation have a lower survival rate. Services for the school age child may include continuing therapy, regular or special education, counseling, technical support, community integration opportunities, recreation and possible personal attendants. An essential factor seems to be a supportive family. People are extensively

University of Michigan-Flint Admissions Data

University of Michigan-Flint Admissions Data University of Michigan-Flint Description: Founded in 1956, the University of Michigan-Flint is one of 15 four-year public universities in Michigan. Flint is located about an hour northwest of Detroit, and the city has a rich history in American civil rights as well as the automobile industry. Today the city continues to evolve and has become a rich location for the arts. The city is the home to The Flint Institute of the Arts, and a range of venues for art exhibition, theater and music. The University of Michigan-Flint campus sits in the heart of the city. Kettering University is withing walking distance. UM-F takes pride in its engaged learning approach to education. Since its founding, the university has followed a learning by doing model of education in which students engage in internships, undergraduate research projects, campus leadership positions, creative projects, and community service. Students can choose from over 100 areas of study, and academics are supported by a healthy 16 to 1 student / faculty ratio. Profess ional fields in business, education, and health are particularly popular. Campus life is active with several fraternities and sororities, over 20 club sports, and a wide range of other student clubs and organizations. The university does not have any varsity intercollegiate athletic teams, but UM-F students can by tickets to University of Michigan games at a discounted price.   Admissions Data (2016): University of Michigan - Flint Acceptance Rate: 65%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 493  / 575SAT Math: 485  / 598SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanMichigan public university SAT score comparisonACT Composite: 19  / 26ACT English: 18 / 26ACT Math: 18  / 25What these ACT numbers meanMichigan public university ACT score comparison Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 8,044  (6,585 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 39% Male / 61% Female58% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $10,344 (in-state); $20,190 (out-of-state)Books: $1,000 (why so much?)Room and Board: $8,706Other Expenses: $3,910Total Cost: $23,960  (in-state); $33,806 (out-of-state) University of Michigan-Flint Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 89%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 63%Loans: 85%Average Amount of AidGrants: $7,786Loans: $6,428 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Biology, Business Administration, Elementary Education, Health Care Administration, Nursing, Social Work Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 68%4-Year Graduation Rate: 13%6-Year Graduation Rate: 37% Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics Interested in the University of Michigan-Flint? You May Like These Universities: Michigan State UniversityCentral Michigan UniversityUniversity of Michigan-DearbornUniversity of Michigan-Ann ArborWayne State UniversitySaginaw Valley State UniversityWestern Michigan UniversityFerris State UniversityOakland University University of Michigan-Flint Mission Statement: mission statement from  umflint.edu/chancellor/mission-vision The University of Michigan-Flint is a comprehensive urban university of diverse learners and scholars committed to advancing our local and global communities. In the University of Michigan tradition, we value excellence in teaching, learning, and scholarship; student centeredness; and engaged citizenship. Through personal attention and dedicated faculty and staff, our students become leaders and best in their fields, professions, and communities.

How to Get Through Family Holidays and Survive

How to Get Through Family Holidays and Survive Heading home for the first time in four months? If so, you might be surprised at how much your perspective has changed. Now that you’ve been on your own at college, going back to your parent’s house can feel much different than when you were in high school. Even though it hasn’t been very long, you’ve already begun to create your own habits. While it’s important to be self-sufficient, your family might not be used to the more confident version of you. And, if you’re not careful, your new-found independence may ruffle feathers. By following these guidelines, you’ll be more likely to have a pleasant experience when you go home for the holidays. Prepare Your Sales Pitch Everyone, including your nosey Aunt Dorothy, is going to want to know all about your experience at college. Don’t expect that they’ll avoid the most uncomfortable questions – How are your grades? Do you have a girlfriend/boyfriend? When are you going to get a job? To make it easier on yourself, prepare answers to those questions before you even get home. It should be something simple, easy-to-remember, and cover all the questions that you’re sure to get. Practice Smooth Topic Transitioning Don’t want to talk about the love interest you brought last year? Are you avoiding the inevitable discussion about your grade in English? Practice smooth topic transitioning. The truth is, most people don’t want to hear about your embarrassing details. It’s more likely that they’d rather talk about themselves or something less controversial. For example: Relative: What ever happened to that rash you had last month? Did you ever find out where you picked it up? You: I actually too busy with my internship at Microsoft. Did you know that Bill Gates really does give out cash to his employees at Christmas time? Relative: Really? How much did you get? Another embarrassing crisis averted! Eat Healthy When they talk about the Freshman 15, what they don’t tell you is that holiday eating accounts for about 25% of your weight gain. When you head home to delicious homemade pie and all the turkey you can eat, it can be tempting to eat like you’ve been on a deserted island for the last few months. Instead, try to eat a few regular meals each day and browse lightly on the holiday goodies. Remember, you can always pick up a small cooler for a couple of bucks and bring some of those delicious treats back to your dorm later. Shop Early Especially if you and your family members are close, you don’t want to spend the few precious weeks leading up to Christmas hanging around by yourself in the mall. Instead, plan on getting the bulk of your holiday shopping done before you head out of town. That way, you can enjoy the time you have with your family doing other fun things, not just stressing out about when and where to buy all your presents. Manage Conflict Even the best families have issues that are sensitive. Whether it’s money-related, job-related, or just a simple personality conflict, nothing ruins the holidays more than fights that could have been avoided. In order to keep the peace this holiday season, here is a list of increasingly helpful ways to deal with a difficult situation or topic. Attempt to transition the conversation. Take a deep breath and count to 5. Respond with, â€Å"I understand how you feel. Maybe we can talk about this later.† Excuse yourself to the bathroom. Stay there until you feel confident you can discuss the topic rationally and without anger or aggression. Take a walk around the block. Write a note expressing your feelings in the most positive way possible. Remember: You Are the Guest Your parents are allowing you to stay, probably free-of-charge in their home. It’s your responsibility, as their guest, to follow their rules. That may mean inconvenience for you such as not being able to sleep in the same room as your significant other, not being able to smoke, or refraining from certain language – but it’s worth it to show your family you appreciate their hospitality. Are there other important ways that you get through your holidays back at home? Share your thoughts in the comment section below!

Individual Management Consultancy Report Research Paper

Individual Management Consultancy Report - Research Paper Example The important observations and recommendations are with regard to the following aspects. The company needs to establish standards for various operations of the business at various levels of management and introduce Balanced Scorecard system to make the costing and budgetary control system more effective for sustainable growth and development. The company can consider installing CRM for improving the efficacy of customer service. The company has to revamp its HRD and encourage diversity in workforce for catering to the needs of the customers with various cultural, social and religious backgrounds and effective customer service. The company may concentrate on activities relating to Corporate Social Responsibility for enhancing its brand image and brand value for sustainable development. Contents I Reporting on Management Consultancy 3 Introduction 3 Objectives of reporting 3 Approach and Observations 3 Client’s situation and critical comments 5 Breakdown of the Consultancy Proje ct 6 II Observations and Practical Considerations 7 Teamwork 7 Project Management 8 Costing and Budgeting 9 Problem Solving 10 Consultancy Modes 11 Confrontations and Conflicts 12 Ethical Issues 13 Conclusions and Reflections 13 Balanced Scorecard 14 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) 14 Restructuring of HRD 14 Outcomes 15 Reflections 15 Bibliography 16 Part I Reporting on Management Consultancy Introduction The performance of Sunshine Enterprises has improved substantially over years both financially and operationally. However, the problems relating to planning and management and control have also been on rise in the recent years. The evaluation of the management processes and practices indicates that the problems are mainly relating to customer service, human resources management and performance evaluation. These three areas relating management are very important and significant as it affects the day-to-day operations, planning and control. In order to ensure measurement and e valuation of performance for operational control, the standards have to be established and Balanced Scorecard system introduced for effectiveness in planning and management control. Objectives of reporting Having identified the broad areas where the management has to focus its attention for sustainable development, specific factors relating to performance in these areas have been analyzed with a view to propose changes in the organization for improving efficiency in the operations. Approach and Observations Wickham and Wickham (2008, p. 5) stated that according to Henri Fayol, management has five basic functions: planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. The client-consultant relationship under process consultation has been adopted in the project to facilitate using our expertise for directing the organizational behavior. The consulting team has worked along with the executives for observing, analyzing and resolving the issues with a view to implement changes wherev er necessary using the resources already available in the organization. The organization has been able to rediscover its ability under this process effectively to sort out the issues in relation to their needs and introduce changes in the methods for implementing them with the resources available. In consulting process, the

The Effect of FDI on Employment and Economic Growth in China Dissertation

The Effect of FDI on Employment and Economic Growth in China - Dissertation Example The paper relating to the above clause tends to infer whether the large volumes of foreign trade gained by the country making it second to United States suits well for the country in terms of contributing to the rise of economic growth or through enhancement in the employment level. Mainly secondary research in the form of books and journals are reviewed in the process of gaining effective inferences to the research questions. ... Objectives The first objective of the report is to evaluate the impacts of Foreign Direct Investment on the Employment scenario and patterns in the Chinese region whether contributing to social development or leading to social deprivation of the common masses. Secondly the report endeavours to understand the potential impacts of Foreign Direct Investment on enhancing or disturbing the economic potential and growth tendency of the Chinese region. Statistical reflections made from a number of government and other authentic sources would help in gaining an effective understanding. In whole the paper through the use of secondary resources in the form of books, journals and other authentic newspaper articles would endeavour to reflect on both the positive and negative impacts of the entry of Foreign Direct Investment on the Republic of China. Approach The Project would be approached through the gaining of secondary data from a large number of authentic sources pertaining to books, journal s and other articles gained from online newspapers. Use of authentic data sources available on the internet contributes on the gaining of relevant information in an authentic and faster fashion. Further the use of secondary research methods also helps the researcher in saving considerable amount of research cost, time and energy that had been largely expended in cases of primary research where survey is required through the incorporation of a third party agency. The survey to be conducted through the designing of questionnaire to be used for conducting an interview on the sample population would require the use of larger time, cost and energy for the researcher than in the case of

Cooperative Learning in Elementary Education Research Paper

Cooperative Learning in Elementary Education - Research Paper Example This will help to ease up students who might find it difficult to interact for fear of being judged. The follow-up activity will concern organizing the students into small groups. Each group has the responsibility of accomplishing a particular task. The next step in introducing cooperative learning will be assigning roles and responsibilities of each member of the group. This activity helps in the organization of work and contributes positively to timely and effective learning (Tomlinson, 2004). The positions of some of the members of the group can be the ‘starter’, ‘taskmaster/encourager’, ‘reader’, ‘praiser’, ‘researcher’, or recorder. The starter is the person who initiates the processes or supervises the uses of materials. The encourager is responsible for motivating other members of the group to contribute positively. The reader can make sure everyone in the group has identical information and understand the goals of the task. . The praiser is responsible for reinforcement of contribution from others. The researcher obtains additional information needed by the group while the recorder puts down the proceedings on paper. The responsibilities are not necessaril y restricted to any one person. The above is an example of how cooperative learning can be implemented in an elementary classroom. However, the age of the students demands constant check up by the teacher to ensure that the learning process is on the right

Classical Films vs. Art Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Classical Films vs. Art Films - Essay Example Two significant cinematographic modes defined by the methods of studio production and compliance with a set of related standards are classical Hollywood cinema and art film. Form the body of related research literature, it becomes clear that classical Hollywood cinema mode is that resting upon the set of traditions and stylistic devices descending for the Classical era of cinematography. Classical mode is distinguished by restricted ambiguity and uncertainty, resolution of the crises and moral dilemmas by the end of the narrative, visibility of causal relationships. This approach is marked by the technical means’ subordination to presentation of events and by decreased value of the motion picture as an artefact: it is the content of the narrative that draws primary attention, with the plot-related questions emerging in the viewers’ minds. Development of the narrative is usually logical, clear and occurs in the chronological order, while the scenes are glued together sea mlessly creating a smooth flow supported by appropriate music scores. The described characteristics of the classical cinema mode are derived from the function cinema is expected to perform within this mode: classical Hollywood cinematographic products are intended to entertain the audience, with the key stress being placed on action. In order to insure completion of this task, production process uses technical aspects such as lighting, mise-en-scene, music score and cinematographic properties making the comprehension of the narration easier.

The Change in Business Office Manager - Problem Solving Case Study

The Change in Business Office Manager - Problem Solving - Case Study Example There could be diverse reactions from the business office staff upon hearing of the change that ranges from anxiety, confusion, relief, and a lot of questioning. Changes are often met initially with resistance as new processes or, in this situation, a new business office manager, could be perceived as threatening to disrupt equilibrium and the status quo. 3. What do you believe would have been the level of stress among the department’s staff before the change was announced and immediately after the change was announced? Why the difference, if any? I believe that the level of stress among the department’s staff before the change was announced was significantly high because lack of information would cause anxiety and fear on their job security and status. However, immediately after the change was announced, the level of stress is potentially lowered, especially when it was noted that a new manager is ready to assume the position. 4. What can the two working supervisors do to help control the stress level in the group during the week spent waiting for the new manager? The two working supervisors could assure the group that a new manager would already meet them on Monday and so, in the meantime, they could advise the staff to prepare to complete all responsibilities and tasks, as expected. This is important so that when the new manager comes, their department is ready to address whatever issues or concerns that could possibly be asked by the new manager within their department. The problem with the situation is the increasing workload within the department. The facts that were noted are increasing workload causing stress within the current staff; one staff is currently on leave making them undermanned; and the present number of personnel trying to keep up with the expanding workload. This is the identified problem because the symptoms of stress, anxiety, and growing work demands all come from this root cause.  Ã‚  

Classical Films vs. Art Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Classical Films vs. Art Films - Essay Example Two significant cinematographic modes defined by the methods of studio production and compliance with a set of related standards are classical Hollywood cinema and art film. Form the body of related research literature, it becomes clear that classical Hollywood cinema mode is that resting upon the set of traditions and stylistic devices descending for the Classical era of cinematography. Classical mode is distinguished by restricted ambiguity and uncertainty, resolution of the crises and moral dilemmas by the end of the narrative, visibility of causal relationships. This approach is marked by the technical means’ subordination to presentation of events and by decreased value of the motion picture as an artefact: it is the content of the narrative that draws primary attention, with the plot-related questions emerging in the viewers’ minds. Development of the narrative is usually logical, clear and occurs in the chronological order, while the scenes are glued together sea mlessly creating a smooth flow supported by appropriate music scores. The described characteristics of the classical cinema mode are derived from the function cinema is expected to perform within this mode: classical Hollywood cinematographic products are intended to entertain the audience, with the key stress being placed on action. In order to insure completion of this task, production process uses technical aspects such as lighting, mise-en-scene, music score and cinematographic properties making the comprehension of the narration easier.

Causes of building collapes Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Causes of building collapes - Term Paper Example Three of the main causes of buildings’ collapse are; faulty design of structures by incompetent engineers, overloading of structures, and natural disasters. Design deficiency is an issue which continues to face the engineering and construction industry today. Ishak, Chohan and Ramly (2007) explained design deficiency as a situation where engineers refuse to follow basic principles and elements of construction design in the creation of their design ideas for buildings. This implies that design deficiency is a component of faulty design where the designs put up by engineers cannot be said to have followed acceptable standards of practice. It would however be noted that elements and principles of construction design are in place to ensure both safety and aesthetic outcomes. It is against this backdrop that it can be explained that once such building designs happen, design failure follows, which ultimately results in possible collapse of building. This confirms the relationship between faulty design and building collapse because faulty design creates a situation where the eventual construction that will be made cannot be said to be secured in principle and theory. There are a number of factors that can lead to cases of deign deficiency, which is an aspect of faulty design. Oloyede, Omoogun and Akinjare (2010) mentioned that overdependence and overreliance on contemporary technology is a major factor behind incidences of faulty designs of structures resulting from design deficiency. Indeed when engineers over elaborate the abilities of contemporary technology, they are tempted to think that as far as they have advanced technological tools and equipment on their side, it is possible to bring any design ambition to fruition. Meanwhile, even though technology can present the platform to create whatever design an engineer dreams about, it takes competent engineers to differentiate between the abilities of technology and the scope of design. Once such

World Politics ``The War Against Terrorism`` Essay Example for Free

World Politics The War Against Terrorism Essay Introduction The contemporary world of politics is heading with a fear of terrorism that stood as a hindrance for undertaking any developmental or prosperous strategies that helps to stabilize a nation’s economy or social status.   In fact, the world economy is shrinking with these negative forces causing catastrophes and striking innocent people. There is a deep impact on social justice, political chaos,   infrastructure of public property and loss of millions of dollars at the expense of terrorist networks and pre-conspired evil schemes. Some of the questions that arise in the minds of civilians are : why does terrorists attack in public places ? what do they need?   where from the hour of help is descending for needy? which is that religion and who is that God who prostrates terrorism? From the year 2001, beginning from U.S., terrorists have been continuously attacking time and again, some of the major cities across the world   for various reasons best known to terrorist networks causing aggravation to millions of middle class and poor people. There were bombings in trains, buses, cabs and public pavements causing loss of lives for which no reason is attached hitherto. The continuance of such sorry state of affairs is truly unpardonable which declares that these criminal mindsets have to be brought to justice under international court of law to declare that such international violations of peace, law and order deserve a greater punishment as it is   a serious violation of human rights and no crime is above the law. In every part of the world, there are internal extreme forces which in order to cause political confusion   and to compel the government to meet the demands, step on to terrorize people and target these innocent civilians. Whether external or internal, the motives of terrorists are all the same to achieve anything   i.e. targeting civilians which is immoral, unethical and undemocratic. What is terror? The definition of terror given by web world is panic: an overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety a person who inspires fear or dead ; â€Å" he was the terror of the neighborhood† a very troublesome child. Although there are no standard definitions recorded for terror or terrorism, each nation has been giving definitions in its own terms and point of views. For instance American definition of terrorism is laid in Title 22 of the U.S. code as â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence†. A well known Iranian scholar Tashkiri has defined terrorism as â€Å"Terrorism is an act carried out to achieve an inhuman and corrupt objective and involving threat to security of any kind, and in violation of the rights acknowledged by religion and mankind.† Contradictorily, â€Å"God commands justice and doing good and giving to relatives. And He forbids indecency and doing wrong and tyranny. He warns you so that hopefully you will pay heed.† (Quran, 16:90) The holy book of Islam religion Qur’an condemns terrorism as a plan to cast evil on others. In fact it aims to bring peace and security to the entire world which gives quite an evidence that terrorism is politically motivated and not a religious movement. (Yahya, Harun). If under the shadow of religion, such evils are taking place, it invites punishments of any sort as terrorists include fascists, communists, racists or radical political groups. â€Å"While countries like America often became the target of attacks by racist and marginal terrorist groups, the European countries have been center stage for violent acts carried out by terrorist groups. The nature of terrorism changes with changing world conditions and increases its impact and power with the new means made possible by developing technology. In particular, mass communication tools such as the Internet extend the scope and influence of the terrorist activities considerably†. (Yahya, Harun) War against terror ( our world today) The war against terror for five years, has left behind achievements and made the situation lachrymose   which will be overlooked with a view of international law of justice for human rights.   The motive of war on terror was in right direction, true motives at the expense to strike the enemy. Every part of the world, witnessed insecurity, chaos and fear and still continue to face problems of terror of bombings.   Ã‚  The ideologies of extremists are all radical based agendas and most of these terrorists are western based Islam radicals who work on finances funded by major networks which is in turn supported by Islam countries. Key To World Peace World leaders summit in 2005, pledged all terrorists activities will be made weaker through the powerful Nuclear Terrorism Convention and encouraged the participation of all States to cooperate and act on â€Å"timely and decisive manner† on war crimes. Leaders of Jordan, Republic of Moldova, Indonesia, Kyrgzstan, Paraguay, UAE, Bahrain and foreign ministers of several other countries have opined on global terrorism and the remedies to prevent future war crimes. The slogan of â€Å"larger freedom† and strengthening the world body United Nations to speed up the activities of Agenda with appropriate relevance, effictiveness on hot issues that are threatening the peace of world. UN Secretary General stated that expansion of Security Council is essential in terms of   United Nations transparency which is explained as â€Å"continuing our efforts to achieve a decision to this end and request the General Assembly to review progress on reform by the end of 2005†.   Several world leaders stated [Poland, Panama] that an international cooperation, identification of root causes for war crimes. inter exchange of views and empowerment of military power are some of the effective measures to eradicate violent radical terrorists. Secretary General stated that .   Ã¢â‚¬Å"We have allowed posturing to get in the way of results†, he said in his opening address to the Summit.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"This is inexcusable.   Weapons of mass destruction pose a grave danger to us all we must pick up the pieces in order to renew negotiations on this vital issue.† What are the gateways to eradicate terrorism? An order of democracy around the world, where human rights are protected counting the   life of every individual as valuable and a right to live with freedom and not by fear. Undertake poverty, hunger, epidemics as a hot issues and launch a long-term programme for bringing health awareness among downtrodden in those countries where an act of help is required. Rehabilitation centers to motivate on cultural, social and ethical status of people of all racists irrespective of caste, creed or religion.   Protection of human rights on democratic principles as a priority and work on the principle alone and lay a foundation for strong democratic society,   at least for future generations and a vivid picture and effects of   negative forces. African Development Bank, WTO negotiations on removal of subsidies and find solutions for development of Millennium Goals apart from protecting workers rights and human rights. The summit also discussed that the terrorist networks continue to lay plots and have been attacking Europe, Africa, Middle East, Central Asia and Far East after 9/11/2001, and future plots to crash passenger airlines. Conclusively, the world is divided geographically into two parts. Primary being western countries [US, Europe, Australia] and the secondary being Muslim countries [Iran, Iraq, UAE, Saudi Arabia etc.,] An internal terrorist law can be promulgated which slashes activities within a particular nation i.e. supply of arms, ammunitions, weapons or bio-terrorism by the witness of court of law by tightening the civilian life style through the medium of democratic law and order. This measure also makes terrorists to pass through difficult stages to make the very entrance into other nation with arms by air, road or water. Conclusion According to the opinions of several political leaders around the world, present view is considered as a fact that, certainly war is not a solution for terrorism. As proved by civil war in Iraq, there was only financial loss leaving a sad state of affairs that are now are recorded as a part of history in terrorism. Contradictorily, the hour and emergency of need after post 9/11 attacks were to find and destroy WMD without which, the situation would have been more infuriating and most probably, terrorists would target millions of civilians around the world, if the networks have not been crashed.   Therefore, there are views that military solution to some extent is appropriate to bring restore law and order. However in long-term perspective laying a strong foundation through the medium of legal enforcements, public awareness, securitisation of major cities and international cooperation are some of the effective measures   to prevent terrorist attacks. No other country, other than U.S could have performed a better coalition operation in spite of several military losses and economic losses, it continued its aggressive efforts to weaken prominent networks of terrorists and all the sources of activities and finances. The work and efforts of U.S is praiseworthy and it did leave a deep impact on the nation itself that U.S will be alert on every ground for the future times. Solutions to terrorism A terrorist always leaves a message through an attack to the targeted. An analysis of solution certainly is the source of a problem.   It is an uphill task to caution nations against attacks every now and then.   A long-term strategical plan keeping in view the international court of law and justice, human rights and United Nations have to be laid against prevention of barbaric acts of radicals. References    http://www.islamdenouncesterrorism.com/terrorism1.htm What is terrorism Accessed 20 December, 2006   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.crf-usa.org/terror/What_Is_Terrorism_rev.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   General Assembly Accessed 20 December, 2006 World Leaders pledge wide-range steps on poverty, terrorism, human rights, UN Reform as 2005 summit concludes in New York.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/ga10385.doc.htm (4)The solution to the terrorism problem, Terrorists: its what the big army calls the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   little army. Accessed 20 December, 2006 http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/terrorism.html Books (5) Wohlstetter, Albert J (1958) The Delicate Balance of Terror Accessed 20 December, 2006

The Dogon Tribe Of Mali Cultural Studies Essay

The Dogon Tribe Of Mali Cultural Studies Essay Due to the history of African slavery in the United States I am unable to find out my ethnicity so I have decided to do an anthropological analysis on the Dogon tribe of Mali. Most of the Dogon inhabit the southwestern part of Mali near the southern bend of the Niger River. There are some members of the Dogon tribe that live in northern Mali, but this group of people consists of pastoralists because the land is arid and barren. The Dogon people are internationally known for their art work. It must also be noted that the villages of the Dogon people vary in name, and that there exists minor differences from village to village. An example is the Dogon village of Bondum who are descendants of a warlike people compared to the Arou and Dyon tribes who despite their tribal origins still jointly use the surname Dolo. The origins of the Dogon are not concrete, but the myth is that they were created by the gods who came from the skies in a space ship. The most notable account is that they migrated from Libya into Guinea, and then Mauritania due to Muslim conquests that were trying to convert them to Islam. Oral tradition states that somewhere around the 15th century the Dogon settled near the Sanga region which is west of Bandiagara. Due to their forced migration the Dogon settled in the Cliffs of Bandiagara because it offered a defensive position from their Muslim neighbors. The Dogon also moved near the Niger River simply because of its water resources. The areas in which most of the Dogon live i.e. the Cliffs of Bandiagara, Bongo Plains, and the Dogon Plateau are made up of cliffs of sandstone, and hot and dry desert where rain is rare. The areas in which the Dogon live receive offshore wind currents that bring fog and dew. The neighboring countries around Mali are Algeria to the northeast, Mauritania to the west, Burkina Faso to the south, and Niger to the southeast. The climate ranges from subtropical to arid; hot and dry between February and June, rainy, humid, and mild from June to November, and cool and dry from November to February. Their land resources in terms of arable land and availability of water are scarce with only 3.76% land that is capable of farming. National figures for the state of Mali put irrigated land mass at 2,360 sq km with a renewable water amount of 100 cu km. The amount of drinkable water per domestic/industrial/agricultural is a total of 6.55 cu km/yr (9%/1%/90%) with a per capita average of 484 cu m/yr . The Dogon number anywhere from 400,000 to 800,000, and they make up 0.02% to 0.05% of the total population of Mali which numbers 13,443,225 (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html). The Dogon people have undergone a social cultural shift since the past century primarily due to the Dogon region being a popular tourist destination in Mali. The Dogon are mainly known for their mask dances, wooden Tellem sculptures, architecture, and being called peasant warriors in the past that dwelled in secluded and separated villages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people). Given the physical nature of Malià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s land, and due to the issues of desertification, soil erosion, and inadequate access to water the Dogon tribe are faced with providing food. For the most part the Dogon peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s subsistence strategy is that of agriculture with a small minority in the north who are pastoralist, some who may arguably be classified as gatherers, and a percentage that use industrial type techniques in making arts and crafts. HUNTER/GATHER Villagers use the subsistence strategy of gathering not food, but bat guano on the Cliffs of Bandiagara. The guano is used as fertilizer for their crops like cotton, papayas, onions, rice, beans, tobacco, and it is also sold in the market for 4 dollars per sack. Another gathering technique that is used which may be considered as economic, but also as a strategy to subsist is that some males of a Dogon village will climb the top of the Bandiagara Cliffs looking for Tellem artifacts which they in turn sell to west antique collectors. The Dogon use the technology of rope made out of Baobab bark to climb and retrieve both bat guano, and Tellem artifacts on top of the Bandiagara Cliffs. PASTORALISM The subsistence strategy of pastoralists in Dogon country is relatively small in comparison to other subsistence strategies. This practice is conducted in the arid and barren land of northern Mali where only pastoralists can make a living. The most common animals raised are sheep, goats, chickens, and some cows. There are even some who raise bees in their villages. Nowadays having animals is not used for subsistence, but is a sign of economical status. It is highly likely that the pasotralists use simple herding tools such as fences to keep their animals safely together so that they do not escape HORTICULTURE The subsistence strategy of horticulture makes up 90% of the Dogon peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s subsistence strategy. The Dogon peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main crops are millet, sorghum, rice, onions, beans, tobacco, and sorrel, sesame, maize, peanuts, yams, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, okra, watermelons, papayas, some figs, gourds, and cotton. In the village of Sangha, onions are grown, and in the village of Kani Kombal millet is their main crop. The division of labor is carried out by the people of the various Dogon villages. I would imagine that the males do most of the hard physical labor like planting, constructing make shift farm land and the like, and the females most likely take the crops that are harvested and store crops in granaries, pound millet, etc. I could not find an amount of how much is produce by the Dogon people in my research, but I assume that it is enough to feed themselves, and an ample supply to sell in the local markets. Given the nature of the land some of the farming techniques are unique to grow crops on what little ground is fertile. One technique that they use is called hillside terracing is small stones that hold pockets of earth in place. The Dogon use their bare hands to construct these terraces which are normally built on stony slopes, and the Dogon even make their own sections of fertile land by building these terraces, and bringing in soil from the outside. Another technique that the Dogon use is what is called transported earth gardens. This involves the creation of farmland on bare rocks using small stones, and building an intricate network of plots. As stated earlier the Dogon use soil found elsewhere, and use this with other things like compost or guano as fertilizer to make these plots fertile for growth. I cannot tell you what tools are used besides their hands because I could not find any information on it. I do know that the Dogon severely lack tools in order to improve their farming techniques on such barren land, but they are able to grow something out of what little they have and have been doing so for centuries. I would imagine that due to the lack of modern day tools that are used in more economically developed countries the Dogon use their bare hands, sticks, and any other means to dig holes, setup farm areas, and possibly animals to move large amounts of crops in order that they can survive. All of these subsistence strategies are intertwined to sustain the Dogon population, and work for the benefit of the whole. POLITICS The politics of the Dogon are very simple in the fact that real power lies with the Mali government. Granted there are minor things that the Dogon may have control over within their villages, authority rest on the central government. The political system within the Dogon community is organized on social status that a male has acquired within the group, and this is further defined by descent and/or locality. As with many other nations around the world who are primarily democratic in practice the Dogon do not have this type of political system. I assume this is because that given such a small group of people who know one another, and that their culture emphasizes a great level of respect towards their elders the Dogon seem to view their chief like those of Bhutan who see their king i.e. great admiration and respect. The Dogon tribes are a large chiefdom of patrilinealy organized villages where the power lies with the oldest male with social status, and at times the one who is also a descendant of someone in his family that previously held power. Legitimacy and power is based upon social status, age, descent, and authority is decided by this head chief. Their whole political system is something that is rarely found because they are a secluded group of people, very homogeneous in culture, and work together for the benefit of one another so there is not that need for some form of centralized organization as the West has in which power lies in the hands of a few, and where they have supreme authority to do as they will. I could not even find anything on conflict resolution, and this is not to say that they do not have their problems with one another or other villages, but it seems that the Dogon do what it is that they do and they are at harmony. I think this way of how the Dogon do things is deeply tied into their religious beliefs which I will discuss later. ECONOMICS The Dogon use negative reciprocity in the market places which they frequent five times a week with others outside the ethnic group, and western travelers in search of Dogon antiques. They also use generalized reciprocity like the trading of bat guano, or tobacco in exchange for other items from village to village which creates a level of cooperation and alliance with their neighbors. The Dogon use market exchange to exchange what they have grown with other people, and sell arts and crafts to foreign tourists. As stated earlier the Dogon produce various agricultural products mainly to sustain themselves, and there are no numbers available to me to determine how much of this is produced and sold. Many art collectors come in search of ancient Dogon tellem artifacts which are sold in the market place to would-be Indiana Jones westerners. Another aspect of the Dogon economic sector is that in recent decades they have been opening up lodges for tourist to stay at that even offer air conditioning and hot showers. The tourism industry has brought some economic growth, but this subsistence strategy is extremely small in comparison to their main strategy of horticulture. I could not find out the type of currency that they use, but I do imagine that it is at least a European based currency that is traded seeing as there are only twenty global currencies used which mostly consist of European based economies. The Dogon do not have an import/export system in place. In terms of what they sell they are mostly known for their large masks, and they are also known for their onions which are sold as far as the markets of Sangha. Most trading that takes place is usually between other villages, different ethnic groups, and tourists. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Contemporary marriage in Dogon tribes is monogamy, but within the patrilineal system of the Dogon tribe polygyny can occur. Marriage is important to the Dogon people, but not necessarily for the marriage itself which is not played down, but the bonds that are created from one family to the. The Dogon people find divorce to be a serious matte that the entire village gets involved if there exists those who wish to divorce from their spouse. The Dogon people focus on harmony not just in their villages, but also in their marriages. Partners are setup in arranged marriages by their parents, and in the event that a divorce is permitted and the individual wants another partner it is up to that person to choose without parental involvement. Post marital residence is based upon the timing of the first child. Before the birth of the child the wife stays with her parents while the husband lives in a bachelors residence until the baby is born. After this the married couple moves into a vacant quarter which normally is within the settings of an extended family. As stated above family is important to the Dogon people, and they strongly orient themselves on harmony. As stated, the Dogon trace lineage, and base kinship on a patrilineal system. RELIGION The religion of the Dogon people is COMPLEX and highly INTRICATE that a book of exceptional proportions could be written. Within the Dogon community most believe in animism, and their belief is focused on spirits called the Nommo that were with their ancestors centuries ago as they fled their Muslim oppressors. There also exists a minority of the Dogon who practice two monotheistic religions i.e. Islam and Christianity. Their religious practices vary greatly due to some of the cults the Dogon associate themselves with. One called, the Awa, are a cult of the masks who are a major part of the religious worship in Dogon society. The Awa have a ritual that I find interesting where only the men are allowed, and their society has strict obligations, etiquette, and a secret language. Within this group certain young men called the olubaru undergo a rite of passage, and it is their job to preserve the traditions of the Awa. The olubaru are initiated into what is called the Sigi ceremony which is held every once every sixty years. The ceremony involves namely the large ornate masks, chants, and dancing which happens four weeks before the sowing festival of the Sigi ceremony, and the Dama festival which is a ceremony held towards the end of the mourning of those who have passed away (http://dickinsg.intrasun.tcnj.edu/diaspora/dogon.html). OTHER THINGS OF INTEREST One thing that interested me is the complexity of their religion. Their three main cults: the Awa, the Lebe, and the Binu. All of which tie themselves into the Nommo, but which all have little differences in their rituals. The Awa is known for being a cult of the dead, the Lebe are focused on the agricultural cycle, and the Binu who are totemic. All Dogon believe in God which they call Amma, and they give prayers and supplications to Amma, but most religious practices are around the Nommo who are considered to be the offspring of Amma. The Dogon believe in other smaller spirits who inhabit the trees, water, rocks, and other things in nature which makes me believe that the Dogon have a close tie to the naturally world because of their daily interaction with nature in order to survive. As stated above, the Dogon religious beliefs are complex and vary greatly from age and social status. What I also found out about religious practices which may be in other aspects of their culture as a w hole is that the women do not have such complex rituals as do the men especially the Awa. Something else that interests me is that they drink beer that is made out of millet. I could not find anything on how it is made, but I would like to try some of it. There was a video that I watched which showed the millet beer as a milky white substance, and it is served in large salad type bowls before groups of Dogon men. It seems to be usually consumed during an event, and it surprises me that a group of people undergo this with such similarities to other cultures i.e. United States Super Bowl Sunday. There is not really much else that interested me, but I will say that I like the perceived simplicity of the Dogon people. They are a homogeneous bunch of people do what it is that they do, and for the most part are cut off from the rest of the world. A group of people who live in harmony with one another, are centered on their religious beliefs and practices, and carry on with their lives whereas in the United States we live in a continual state of noise, aggressiveness, and spiritual pain. ARTICLE I have chosen to use an article that is dealing with terrorism in the region. I believe this has an impact on not just the Dogon people, but also the people in the region because Islam has grown in the past years in the area. I do not know the number of Muslims among the Dogon, but Mali does posses a great number of Muslims, and those that choose to use Islam as a means to further their own political agendas can cause regional conflict within Mali and other sub-Saharan Africa countries. Seeing as the Dogon mostly live near the Niger River most people naturally live near a source of water, and coupled with the extreme levels of poverty that are rampant it can become a hotbed for new terrorist activity.

Christian :: essays research papers

The Beginning of Christian Art   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first two centuries of Christianity there weren’t any form of art recorded. Christians meet in small groups in a private phone and conducted simple services. In these services they would eat wine and bread that reminded them of Christ sacrifice on the cross. (Lamm 175)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christian symbols were a major form of art in the earlier years of Christian art. The Egyptian, Greek, and Romans artist had different symbols that represented different things. The Greeks created gods of their own image. For example, Zeus with the thunderbolt. This symbolized that this was the god of power. (176) Some artist cam e up with a variety of solutions using biblical stories, parables, and symbols to design Christian art.(177)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the age of Constantine, Constantine proclaimed freedom of religion in the Edict and Milan in 313. For centuries basilicas were constructed by the Romans. The basilicas served as meeting halls, mercantile centers, and halls of justice. There were two basilicas that were built in the early centuries. They were Old St. Peters and St. Paul’s. The outside walls of St. Paul were destroyed by fire in 1823 and rebuilt in 1854. (180)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 404 Ravenna became the capital of the Western Empire under Honorius. Ravenna fell under Odoacer in 476, but emerged as the capital of Theodoric Ostrogothic kingdom between the years of 489-526. Ravenna concluded its royal careen as the western capital of Justinian’s Byzantine Empire during 527-565. (181)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Justinian marked the beginning of the Byzantine style from 527-565. It was notable for artistic production and for Justinian legal code. Operating from his capitals of Constantinople in the East and Ravenna in the West, Justinian was the emperor of the Roman and Oriental potentate, in witch later became Byzantine Empire. (183)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 330 Constantine was known as â€Å"New Rome.† The city was very popular. It was the sumptuous of Byzantine civilization for over 1,000 years. The faith of Orthodox was totally dominate in that city. In 532 the Blues and Greens rival chariot-racing joined forces and revolted against the autocratic rule of Justinian and Theodora. The imperial troops put down the revolution by slaying about 30,000 people and most of the public buildings were destroyed, including Basilica of Hagia Sophia (The Church of Holy Wisdom).(185)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because the first Hagia Sophia was destroyed, Justinian hired a mathematician to design another one. The new Hagia Sophia was beautiful.

The Inuit Way of Life :: essays research papers

The Inuit were people who lived in the Arctic such as Alaska, Northern Canada and Greenland. They can also be called Eskimos. The word Inuit refers to â€Å"real people of the north† and from this distinction as well as their way of living which I observed at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, I conclude that these people were a race of people with a strong spirit for life in general as well as each other. Their social customs included storytelling, dancing, drum playing, crafts, celebrations, games, hunting and survival skills. They based their social structure on the land, their families, and traditions that were passed on through generations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Inuit hunted and fished whale, seal, and walrus by way of a kayak or by waiting patiently near holes in the ice. They made great use of animal skins for warm and beautiful clothing as one may observe on display in the Polar World exhibit at the museum. They primarily made a living by hunting, trapping, and buying and selling handicrafts. They also traded whale blubber which was used for fuel. They traded the blubber with missionaries, whalers, and other foreigners.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organization in Inuit society was nearly non-existent. There were no class divisions or divisions of rank among the people. They can simply be described as Eskimo tribes who shared the same traditions. There were no prominent leadership roles among these people. Family was considered the main focus with the eldest male of each family reigning with highest authority. This society was non-aggressive with values centered on cooperation. This is probably why there were no prominent leaders in this liberal-like society. The only character held in high regard was the Shaman who was believed to have relations with supernatural powers which controlled health, power, and the weather.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Inuits valued their families and each member looked out for each other. Kinship typically included three past generations from the paternal as well as maternal sides. These generations were extremely close. The doings of one member were felt as the accountability of the whole group. Small feuds often resulted between different families.

Ameritrade’s Cost of Capital Essay

Executive Summary After careful analysis of Ameritrade and comparable companies, I have estimated a 14.784% cost of capital that should be used to evaluate Ameritrade’s upcoming investments in technology and advertising. After analyzing the historical return on Ameritrade’s investments, I have concluded that if the firm manages this project at least as well as its previous investments, the return on the proposed project will exceed the cost of capital resulting in a positive NPV project. Based on the estimated cost of capital, relative to the company’s historical returns on investment, I recommend that Ameritrade undertakes this investment project. I believe that the estimated cost of capital is appropriate because it is partly based on a set of companies where the main source of revenue is similar to that of Ameritrade, deep discount brokerage companies. In addition, the nature of the project is to increase the customer base of Ameritrade, a frequent and archetypal venture for a deep-discount brokerage firm. Because Ameritrade has very limited data due to its recent IPO, I will be using the comparable data of Waterhouse Investors, Quick and Reilly Group Incorporated, and Charles Schwab Corporation to estimate Ameritrade’s levered beta using a bottom-up approach. I will be using these comparables because they are all characterized as deep-discount brokerage firms with similar sources of revenue. I used data from 1992-1996 because in my experience, I have found that five years of data provides a reasonable and precise measure of information. It should be noted that I consistently used the same amount of data from five calendar years for all of Ameritrade’s comparables. The key stakeholders involving this decision are management and those providing the capital, both debt and equity, for this new undertaking. For these stakeholders, priority lies in the return of the investment, the success of the company, and the ability to meet the financial obligations of the firm. These priorities can be best predicted with my provided estimation of the cost of capital in relation to the company’s historical return on investment. Market Overview As Ameritrade continues to grow and make investments in projects, it is important to realize the effect the market has on the brokerage. One thing I want to emphasize is the direct correlation between the deep discount brokerage market and the stock market. While the S&P 500 during the last two years (1995 and 1996) have had returns of 34.11% and 20.26% respectively, it is easy to be optimistic about the health of the economy and the performance of the company. In the case of an economic downturn, Ameritrade should be ready for a decrease in consumer activity and should consider diversification. Perhaps taking on other types of activities such as investment banking roles like mergers, acquisitions, and security underwritings would also be wise. This would diversify away some of the risk involved in strictly deep-discount brokers. Ameritrade should also be conscientious of the very price-sensitive nature of its consumers when evaluating this investment. My calculated cost of capital i s subject to a variety of factors affected by the uncertainty of the future. For instance, it is conceivable that the company’s beta will change over time due to the dynamic characteristics of the market and the economy. In addition, stakeholders could change their comfort regarding the degree of risk aversion, which would affect the market risk premium. In order to mitigate the risk, Ameritrade could place a premium cost of capital on top of my estimated cost of capital when discounting future cash flows. This would mitigate the risk of future cash flows that are too optimistic in potentially harsh economic times. I believe that this would be an appropriate way to help stakeholders feel more comfortable with investments, especially investments as large as this advertising and technology project. In order to estimate the cost of capital of Ameritrade, I had to determine standard parameters, such as beta, from comparable companies because of Ameritrade’s recent IPO and subsequent short track record of performance. I was able to obtain comparable companies’ betas by way of running a regression on the returns of the companies in relation to the return on the market, or the S&P 500. By applying Ameritrade’s capital structure to the comparable companies’ unlevered beta, I was able to approximate the beta of Ameritrade. I was subsequently able to estimate the cost of equity assuming the same capital structure prior to the prospective investment with the  Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). I used CAPM to find the cost of equity for this particular project, not to evaluate the potential change in the process. The capital asset pricing model can be used in evaluation of the cost of capital because it reflects the reward for postponing consumption, the relative amount of systematic risk, and the reward in the market for bearing systematic risk. Thus I can estimate the cost of capital using the true systematic risk. I believe that in the future, a capital structure consisting of more debt may lower the weighted average cost of capital and keep a larger proportion of the benefits of the project to the current stakeholders, while keeping in mind that Ame ritrade should abstain from taking on too much debt considering its sensitivity to the market. I used three comparable companies to estimate Ameritrade’s cost of capital: Waterhouse Investors, Quick and Reilly Group Incorporated, and Charles Schwab Corporation. These deep-discount brokerage firms, along with Ameritrade, source most of their revenues through transactions and net interest. Situation Overview The WACC is a measurement of the riskiness of the firm as a whole and can be applied to standard company projects. Ameritrade has been first movers on introducing features such as an automated phone trading service and an online trading platform in the deep discount brokerage market. Both of these investments are characterized by substantial investments in technology, as is the proposed project. Based on this, I consider the stated project as a typical project of the firm, yielding an average risk equal to that of Ameritrade’s nature. Therefore, I find that evaluating the stated project with WACC as a hurdle rate of whether to undertake the project is correct. One of the parameters that has a large effect on WACC is the capital structure applied in the calculations. In my calculations of the WACC of 14.783%, I assumed a debt to equity ratio of 0.261. I based this on the balance sheet numbers you provided me with for the two available years; it is a weighted? average of the two years of data. When looking to the market comparables Quick and Reilly Group Incorporated and Charles Schwab Corporation, one can see that the debt to equity ratio of Ameritrade is an industry standard. I decided to omit Waterhouse Investors for this comparison because of their atypical capital structure. In the calculation  of the WACC, debt has the advantage that it brings a tax shield since interest on debt is tax deductible. Therefore taking on more debt relative to equity can be profitable to a certain point where, cost of potential financial distress for undertaking that extra debt is less than the value of the interest tax shield. In addition, taking on too much debt carries the risk of major credit rating agencies downgrading the company, where eventually, debt becomes too costly because the cost of potential financial distress is greater than the value of the interest tax shield. Therefore, the management in the evaluation of the investment must have a clear focus on which capital structure is the optimal for Ameritrade in the future. Below I have done a sensitivity analysis of the WACC that should be applied in the evaluation of the investment project in relation to the capital structure. D% – E% 10/90 20/80 30/70 40/60 WACC 14.54% 14.32% 14.11% 13.89% Based on these calculations, I would recommend that management look into the optimal capital structure after the proposed investment. While keeping in mind the disadvantages of taking on too much debt, I would recommend a higher, though incremental, debt to equity ratio. I found Ameritrade’s after-tax cost of debt to be 7.28%. To find Ameritrade’s after-tax cost of debt, I collected the credit rating of Ameritrade’s outstanding debt through Standard & Poor’s credit rating agency. Ameritrade’s debt is currently rated at B+. The default spread on B+ corporate debt is listed at 5.01 on 10-year debt obligations. To find the cost of debt you add this number to the risk-free rate, which as of August 1997 is 6.69%, and multiply that number by 1 subtracted by the corporate tax rate of Ameritrade. The corporate tax rate of Ameritrade I found to be 37.7%, by averaging Ameritrade’s tax rates  over the two available years. It should be noted that the default-spread rate applied in my calculations are projected rates, not current rates (2014). The risk free rate of applied throughout my calculations is the annualized yield to maturity of a 20-year government T-bond has and has a yield of 6.69%. I have chosen to use this because I consider the proposed investment project a long-term investment. When choosing the risk-free rate, there can be no uncertainty about reinvestment rates in the calculations, meaning that one should use a zero-coupon bond with the same maturity as the project. The Market risk premium is defined as the difference between the expected return on the market portfolio and the risk-free rate; in other words, it is the compensation that risk adverse investors need to receive in order to invest in the market portfolio. I calculated the current market risk premium by finding the geometric average of the return on the market subtracted by a 20-year government T-Bond. I used the geometric average because we are valuing the average over a long period of time and the arithmetic average tends to overestimate the value. I then found the beta by using a bottom-up analysis. The bottom-up approach tends to make the standard error of the beta much lower than other types of analyses. In addition, the bottom-up approach can reflect the current and the expected future beta of the company. I looked at the beta of the comparable companies and found the average of the betas over the 1992-1996-time period. I then had to un-lever the beta and then re-lever the beta by Ameritrade’s capital structure to find Ameritrade’s levered beta. By using this beta, I was able to calculate Ameritrade’s cost of equity to be 16.06% by using the Capital Asset Pricing Model. In terms of the size of the investment, increasing advertising expenses to $155 million and technology expenses to $100 million is a huge undertaking for Ameritrade. If you look at your total assets at the end of 1996, you will see that it values at a little more than $400 million. Thus, the investments of this project would be 64% of Ameritrade’s total assets. When looking at the comparable companies Schwab, Quick and Reilly, and Waterhouse, a similar investment would only be 2%, 6%, and 21% of their total assets respectively. Because the investment is so large for Ameritrade, in comparison to its competitors, Ameritrade should be conscientious of the enormity of the project and require a higher proportional return. After consulting the database of Bloomberg Financial  Records, I found that your return on assets and return on equity exceeded my estimated weighted cost of capital. Thus, I conclude that Ameritrade undertakes this project with full-invested confidence in the m anagement. Conclusion My extensive research on Ameritrade and its comparable companies yielded an estimated 14.784% cost of capital for this project. Because of the nature of the proposed investment, I decided that the WACC would be applicable to the project. While this project may require a significant amount of resources, an optimistic return like the one you proposed and the historical average of your return on assets and equity would more than make up for the costs. Therefore my recommendation based on my calculations is that this is an attractive investment opportunity for Ameritrade, to grow its customer base and revenue, which the management should accept. However it must be taken into account that the beta and thereby the cost of equity I used to calculate the cost of capital were influenced by the comparable companies because I used data of these companies in my estimation of Ameritrade’s beta. Further the beta is estimated on historical return and not the future return. Consumer preferenc es and market conditions may lead to a change in Ameritrade’s beta over the projects lifetime. Since the future is unknown estimating a historical beta is the best guess of what the future beta will be. The market risk premium that I have applied in my calculations is also a subject to the changes of the future. The market risk premium is the compensation a risk adverse investor needs in order to invest. In periods of economic and financial depression, this market risk premium will increase resulting in a higher cost of capital. On the other hand, periods with good economic and financial conditions will lower the market risk premium. Further the market risk premium applied in my calculation is based on a projected default spread (2014) instead of the actual spread in 1996; this may be a source of variability. The capital structure of Ameritrade has a substantial effect on the cost of capital. In my calculations, I have applied the historical capital structure of Ameritrade. Increasing Ameritrade’s debt to equity ratio can bring down Ameritrade’s cost of capital. Therefore it would be in Ameritrade’s management best interest to look at the company’s future capital structure prior to this investment.  Ameritrade’s management should also look into the projected revenues of the investment. With projections ranging from 10% to 50%, only the most pessimistic forecasts are lower than the cost of capital of the project. However by cutting the transaction fees and thereby relying on a higher volume of executed trades can make Ameritrade even more susceptible to future economic depressions. As per my calculation, the size of the investment is proportionally large and must be treated in the most delicate manner. Ultimately, I suggest that management find the optimal capital structure before investing in this project. However, I do believe that with my calculated cost of capital in comparison to the average return on equity and return on assets, the investment will be a worthy venture.

Future Trends in Health Care Essay

Personal face-to-face communication is and will continue to be the foundation of the patient- physician relationship. Electronic communication between caregivers and patient through telephones web-sites and e-mail are forcing medical staff and physicians to rethink the way they provide care to the patients, the accessibility to on-line health and wellness information. Home monitoring systems, personal health records, and on-line support groups is making it possible for society to take charge of their health (Center for Practice Improvement and Innovation, 2008). This paper will look at electronic forms of communication; new and old be used externally as a delivery source of conveying patient specific information, the impact of distance delivery on health care, the use of electronic systems to transfer records, and the impact of said systems today and a projected five years in the future. Physician practices, for nearly a century, have relied on the telephone to communicate to communi cate with patients. The telephone have been used to relay lab results, handle consumers renewing prescriptions, scheduling patients for their appointments, and reminding patients of future appointments. In addition to medical personnel use, the telephone is used to communicate to other departments or facilities, unit to unit communication, and insurance companies. The telephone can be also used as a clinical tool. With patient who are chronically ill and have established a relation ship with the physician, the telephone can serve as a office visit (Center for Practice Improvement and Innovation, 2008). With advancement in technology, as the number of patients and physicians acquiring the means to electronically communicate increases, the willingness and desire to apply the provisions to ambulatory care ahs gathered momentum. Caring for patients electronically increases productivity, practice efficiency, and lowers operating costs. On-line communication can produce these results through reduced administrative costs, fewer telephone calls, and growth by attraction of new clients. Compared to phone calls, e-mail transcripts are less distractive and can be performed relatively  inexpe nsive; they are self documenting and can be done at the leisure of the physician. On-line communication allows the patient to read and reread to gain a better understanding of directives. The use of internet communication results in patient retention and patient satisfaction (Center for Practice Improvement and Innovation, 2008). The safest way to communicate on-line is by using a secured messaging system. HIPAA regulates that all health care organizations protect all patient health information, especially health information being transcribed electronically. A secured site for medical information is to protect unauthorized users from access. The most common protection for electronic information is installing an encryption system (Center for Practice Improvement and Innovation, 2008). The Impact of Delivery on Health Care Information technology tools incorporated in medical practice results not only in service availability and improved quality but also in transformation of the care delivery model. Health care systems in the modern sense, relies on the concepts of patient continuity of services, shared care, and empowerment. These fulfillments can be made possible by establishing safe electronic contact between patients and physician. The use of telemedicine applications improves the process of exchanging information between medical professionals representing different areas of medicine and referential levels. Telecommunication progress and computer science leads to transformation in other domains. Information technology opens the window for assuring appropriate healthcare quality within reasonable cost (Duplaga, 2004). The Use of Information Technology As consumers demand more opportunities to use the internet. The internet is transforming the consumers as they interact with the health care system. Telemedicine for remote patient monitoring of patient health is increasing in use by doctors and health care providers. The internet is also transforming health care through electronic medical records. Records stored electronically boosts survival rates ad improves coordination by allowing facilities and medical providers access to share medical information with ease. An electronic medical record is the heart of any computerized information system in health care. In absence of this, modern technologies such as decision support systems cannot be integrated into the clinical  workflow. Current Electronic medical records systems are delivering safe, high quality health care. Medical vision and need for use is why telemedicine was created. Telemedicine cover a wide range of capabilities. Telemedicine can be defined as the delivery of image s, data and sound enabling medical practitioners that diagnose and provide options in medical care at a distance. The transmission of this medical data can be accomplished through other technology systems such as the telephone, web using interactive video, computer or fax. Real time applications and store and forward are two types of telemedicine systems delivery. With real time systems, participants are using the system at the time of care delivery. Such as two doctors discussing methods of treatment or delivering treatment. Specialized software such as exam cameras and other imaging devices can make the atmosphere of both participants being in the same room. A store and forward system does not require that. Using this system allows medical personal to gather needs resources such as, Patient medical history, images, and other pertinent data. One can then recommend treatment at a later date or time. Physicians may use these systems to train and learn as they can provide real life, real time experiences (Masys, 2010). Information technologies have the ability to affect distribution and the types of jobs in the health care Industry. In a background of a growing body of knowledge in the realm of health sciences, recent models of decision making by clinical practitioners, relying mainly upon their memory and personal experience, will be inadequate for effective health care delivery in the twenty-first-century. In the health care industry, information activity is intense. From the point of view in business, two kinds of action are performed: medical procedures to support therapy, disease prevention, diagnosis, and the communication, acquisition and storage of information. Information technologies have launched a social trend and will continue to have a huge impact on the health care industry. The ring bearer of this trend is the internet. The internet brings access to interpersonal communication and information on a large scale to millions of people world wide. In 2001 roughly 54 % of Americans were using the internet and the adoption rate from new comers with this technology is about two million per month (Masys, 2010). Most American children are both using a computer and accessing the internet in their homes or at school. E-mail lists,  disease-related chat rooms, offshore pharmacies, internet telemedicine services, and hundreds of alternative and conventional medical websites are the panicle of a world with personal choices. Evidence suggests that for internet users with acute illness, making doctor appointments has changed from first to last resort, a trend that is strengthened by the decision of services in environment of manage care (Masys, 2010). In conclusion, it can be very difficult to predict how medical practices will use electronic communication in the years to come. Just implementing a system is not going to have a great impact on the quality of care delivered. The systems have to be exceptional design and can be used effectively for it to impact the quality of care. However, one can rest assure that the role of communication will grow significantly More patients are demanding that physicians communicate with them electronically and physicians are recognizing that this media can be a key tool in managing the demands facing their practices, thus adding fuel to the trend. Reference:. Center for Practice Improvement and Innovation. (2008). Communicating with Patients Electronically. Retrieved November 27, 2010 from http://www.acponline.org/running_practice/technology/comm_electronic.pdf Duplaga, M. (2004). The Impact of Information Technology on Quality of Healthcare Services .Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Retrieved November 28, 2010 from http://www.springerlink.com/content/mlc0atymr41lllq3/ Masys, D. (2010). Effects Of Current And Future Information Technologies On The Health Care Workforce. Health Affairs. Retrieved November 25, 2010 from http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/21/5/33