An Examination Of How Music Mirrors Societal Issues

An Examination of How Music Mirrors Societal Issues Perspectives of Institutionalized Racism Although the United States government is currently engaged in stopping foreign civil rights atrocities, it turns a blind eye to violence acted out against African Americans within its borders (PR N., 2014, para. 4). In South Carolina, the â€Å"rebel flag hang[s] from the state house walls† (Bryan, 1994, line 2), serving as a constant reminder of the institutionalized racism that reflects U.S. social tensions today. Another discriminatory racial injustice that occurred during the 1990s was the Anti-Drug Act of 1986. Possession of 5 grams of crack (90% of crack defendants were African American) and 500 grams of powder cocaine (more popular with†¦show more content†¦4). Not only is racial tension portrayed through brutality and violence, but it is also apparent in various aspects of public education such as unfair character labeling, racial stereotypes, harsh school punishments, and discrimination from teachers. These inequal ities present in what is supposed to be a â€Å"color blind† society create the notion that â€Å"America does not love [all] children† (Manzama, 2015, p. 11) and engender distrust in the education system. Moreover, impoverished minorities feel a sense of resentment as a result of discrimination based on economic racism and injustice. These minorities tend to rebel when they can no longer bear the weight of their anger and they believe the sentiment favours change (Chavis, 2015, p. 4). Thus we discover that throughout the history of the United States, racism has played a factor, ingraining its malicious effects into the moral fiber of American Society. Historical Perspectives Several aspects of racial prejudice today, demonstrated in both police brutality and unjust treatment of minorities, evidence atrocities that can be linked to a national history of violence and resentment towards one another. To take racism back to when freedom seemed achievable is to travel back to the Civil Rights Act of 1960s which sparked national controversy not exclusively in the South. The modern interpretation of this backlash is most accurately portrayed in the movie Selma, in which Martin

How to Write an Interesting Biography

A biography is a written account of the series of events that make up a persons life. Some of those events are going to be pretty boring, so youll need to try to make your account as interesting as possible! Every student will write a biography at some point, but the level of detail and sophistication will differ. A fourth grade biography will be much different from a middle school-level biography or a high school or college-level biography. However, each biography will include the basic details. The first information you should gather in your research will include biographical details and facts. You must use a trustworthy resource to ensure that your information is accurate. Using research note cards, collect the following data, carefully recording the source for each piece of information: Including Basic Details Date and place of birth and deathFamily informationLifetime accomplishmentsMajor events of lifeEffects/impact on society, historical significance While this information is necessary to your project, these dry facts, on their own, dont really make a very good biography. Once youve found these basics, youll want to dig a little deeper. You choose a certain person because you think he or she is interesting, so you certainly dont want to burden your paper with an inventory of boring facts. Your goal is to impress your reader! Start off with great first sentence. Its a good idea to begin with a really interesting statement, a little-known fact, or really intriguing event. You should avoid starting out with a standard but boring line like: Meriwether Lewis was born in Virginia in 1774. Instead, try starting with something like this: Late one afternoon in October, 1809, Meriwether Lewis arrived at a small log cabin nestled deep in the Tennessee Mountains. By sunrise on the following day, he was dead, having suffered gunshot wounds to the head and chest. Youll have to make sure your beginning is motivating, but it should also be relevant. The next sentence or two should lead into your thesis statement, or main message of your biography. It was a tragic end to a life that had so deeply affected the course of history in the United States. Meriwether Lewis, a driven and often tormented soul, led an expedition of discovery that expanded a young nations economic potential, increased its scientific understanding, and enhanced its worldwide reputation. Now that youve created an impressive beginning, youll want to continue the flow. Find more intriguing details about the man and his work, and weave them into the composition. Examples of Interesting Details: Some people believed that Lewis and Clark would encounter elephants in the western wilderness, having misunderstood the wooly mammoth bones discovered in the United States.The expedition resulted in the discovery and description of 122 new animal species and subspecies.Lewis was a hypochondriac.His death is still an unsolved mystery, although it was ruled a suicide. You can find interesting facts by consulting diverse sources. Fill the body of your biography with material that gives insight into your subjects personality. For instance, in a biography about Meriwether Lewis, you would ask what traits or events motivated him to embark on such a monumental exercise. Questions to Consider in Your Biography: Was there something in your subjects childhood that shaped his/her personality?Was there a personality trait that drove him/her to succeed or impeded his progress?What adjectives would you use to describe him/her?What were some turning points in this life?What was his/her impact on history? Be sure to use transitional phrases and words to link your paragraphs and make your composition paragraphs flow. It is normal for good writers to re-arrange their sentences to create a better paper. The final paragraph will summarize your main points and re-assert your main claim about your subject. It should point out your main points, re-name the person youre writing about, but it should not repeat specific examples. As always, proofread your paper and check for errors. Create a bibliography and title page according to your teachers instructions. Consult a style guide for proper documentation.

Children, Media, and Violence Essay - 1431 Words

The evidence is overwhelming. To argue against it, the link between media violence and teen violence is like arguing against gravity, said Jeffrey McIntyre, legislative and federal affairs officer for the American Psychological Association. As children are exposed to acts of violence in the media through television, video games, music, movies, etc. alarming results are occurring. The main negative effect being an increase in aggression among youth who are regularly exposed to the media and an increase in violent patterns as they mature into adulthood. If not resolved this problem of violence in the media will continue to push children, youth and adults to acts of aggression such as verbal and physical abuse and other more serious†¦show more content†¦A study that supports the personal example above was conducted by Craig A. Anderson PhD, a professor and director at the Department of Psychology at Iowa State University. They examined Japanese and American youth’s beha vior after consistently playing violent video games throughout a school year and they found that tendencies toward physical aggression, such as fights, pushing, etc., increased after 3 months into the school year and continued to increase by 6 months into the school year. This study showed that no matter the culture violent video games have the same negative effect and they strongly suggested that the exposure youth have to violent video games be greatly reduced (Anderson). Probably the most stunning statements and articles I came across were when researching gang violence. In an interview with Readers Digest in 2005 an anonymous gang member from Oakland California made the statement â€Å"We played the game by day and lived the game by night,† speaking of the game Grand Theft Auto which is based on gang violence, murder, stealing and sex. Ernest L. Cuthbertson, a police detective in Greensboro, N.C. said â€Å"I don’t care what any criminologist or psychologist says, but repeated exposure to any level of violence does alter the psyche of a person.† What are the solutions to overcoming this negative effect of media violence on the young people?Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children873 Words   |  4 Pages According to the Media Education Foundation, once a child reaches eighteen years of age, they have witnessed around 200,000 acts of violence and 16,000 murders (jacksonkatz.com). Our society loves entertainment and a grand portion of this entertainment contains violence. Children constantly consume violent visuals, due to their prevalence. Majority of our society is uninterested in the effects of media violence since its effects do not show immediately. Misinformation is our greatest enemy in theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children884 Words   |  4 Pagesis all this necessary to fabricate in the media? What are characters in movies teaching kids? What about the language in music talking about killing people and talking about violence like it’s the cool thing? What about new channels always talking about guns, bombs and threats to the public, is this what is influencing are children because they view it as a norm? Some may agree with this as others may disagree. Media violence is not the factor in violence today. Studies show that over 90% of homesRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children974 Words   |  4 Pagesmany kinds of media, like Internet, video game, television and film. It is generally believed that some of the bad information such as violent content in the media can have a negative effect on people, and it can end up causing some social problem. It is clear that children are more likely to be influenced by media violence than other age groups because of their world outlook and personality are not formed. Furthermore is if media violence does have some profound influence on children, this will leadRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthe graphic cruelty and violence. According to American Psychological Association, the harmful influence of media violence on children dates back to the 1950s and 1960s, and remains strong today. A child that watches violence or hears about violence can be influenced to become violent. Indeed, in reviewing the totality of empirical evidence regarding the impact of media violence, the conclusion that exposure to violent portrayals poses a risk of harmful effects on children has been reached by theRead MoreMedia Violence and Children Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Violence and Children Violence in the media has come under a lot of scrutiny lately. Even though this is not a new concern, it has resurfaced as the pinnacle of many debates among politicians, parents and educators. Children are progressively becoming more aggressive. This is in direct correlation to violence becoming more prominent among adults. Parents and educators continue to stress that the damage violent media inflicts on children will continue into adulthood. Multiple studiesRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1270 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent forms of violence. Some people feel that there is too much violence exposed in the media. Many studies have made the claim that the media is responsible for much of the violence seen in the world we live in (List and Wolfgang). However, people have choices and responsibilities we cannot allow ourselves to blame it on other things such as the media. The violence seen in our media has an impact on both adults and children. Since children are also exposed to various forms of media, there has beenRead MoreMedia Violence and Its Influence on Children546 Words   |  2 Pages Some of the violence found in teens and children increase each year because of all the violence parents let their children watch. Letting children play or see to much violent things can harm them later. Violence today is not just cause by media, theres a lot of other reason violence is increasing this days, but media is one of the top reasons.Violence from media is more found in children and teens. Violence found in children and teens could be increasing because of the influenceRead MoreThe Experience of Media Violence for Children531 Words   |  2 PagesMedia Violence By the time a child reaches the age of one, they see about 200,000 acts of violence on television. (Nakaya, 3). The Media has been becoming more and more violent over the years. A poll in an issue of Times Magazine, from 2005, showed that 66 percent of Americans think that there is an abundant amount of graphic acts of violence on televisions (Nakaya, 18). People are exposed to thousands of acts of violence through video games, television, and movies. Many studies show that mediaRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children2411 Words   |  10 PagesMedia Violence is definitely harmful to children as the exposure of media violence can desensitize children (age 6-12) to violence and in the real world; violence becomes enjoyable and does not result in apprehensiveness in the child. There have been several studies and experiments regarding the adverse effects of violence used in video games, television, as well as movies. With both preschool and school-aged children, studies hav e found that they are more likely to imitate the violence they seeRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1943 Words   |  8 PagesFor many years now, the media has been a big part of our lives. Almost everybody in the world is or has connected to it one way or another. It is a way for families and friends to have fun together, for interesting topics that people are interested in, or to just enjoy alone. However, there is a problem that can be seen across all types of media: violence. Violence can be seen as a distraught way to get over problems. There is judgement issues involved for violence. It is done by bullies in school

Real Estate Industry In The Rental Market Essay - 1279 Words

Real Estate Industry in the Rental Market Abstract â€Å"Real estate is land, all of the natural parts of land such as trees and water, and all permanently attached improvements such as fences and buildings. People use real estate for a wide variety of purposes, including retailing, offices, manufacturing, housing, ranching, farming, recreation, worship, and entertainment.† (Answers.com) In order to more specifically focus on a specific area of real estate this discussion will deal with the housing industry of real estate. In this discussion, when housing is analyzed it will be in the realm of rental real estate. Uses of Land Like with any other commodity or resource the market for rental property is affected by supply and demand.†¦show more content†¦In interviewing real estate owner Thomas Seeley it became evident that one of the most important decisions prior to purchasing a rental property was the cost of purchase along with the cost of bringing the property up to code weighed against the amount of rent that could be charged for the property. Thomas Seeley explained, â€Å"I am always looking for a property in major disrepair because the amount of resources it takes for my company to bring the property within acceptable housing codes is often justified by the amount of time it takes to pay for these repairs with the rents that are collected.† (Seeley) Even in the most difficult times of the real estate market which shows signs of recession it appears that the rental market is not affected in the same way. â€Å"There are many uses of land, and how much land is allocated t o each use depends on the demand for and supply of land for each use.† (Microeconomics 403) With the recent increase in private home foreclosures many individuals and families seek to find a quick solution to the need for a place to live. Recession and Families FacingShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Jack Conways Current State1441 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Æ' CLIENT DETAILS This client evaluation gives a brief overview of Jack Conway’s current state and its relevant market in which it performs. Afterwards, an analysis will have a SWOT analysis. This analysis with take into consideration company’s current state in relation to the real estate industry, and other relevant notes. All relevant research and analysis will be framed with future growth and acquisition in mind. Information available for this client is very limited due to its standing as a privatelyRead MoreQuestion 1: Open Skies Agreement. . Open Skies Agreement1447 Words   |  6 PagesIt is a document that binds and enhances good relationship between U.S, Gulf nations and its Open Skies Partners, (Hannah E. Cline, 2016). Generally, the Legacy American Carriers and the Gulf Carriers are related in terms of reliance on competitive market forces and on actual and potential competition. They both provide the needed air transportation system, as well as encouraging efficient and well- management practices for high profitability. While the results of the Open Skies policy have been overwhelminglyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Real Estate Industry In China968 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy is focusing on real-estate sector in China, and especially on property market. In 2017, property and construction both account for approximately 15% of the whole economy (share to GDP), with property alone directly impacting around 40 other industries (Chen and Glenn, 2017) with a tendency for the Chinese government to heavily rely on infrastructure development to sustain growth in the long term (Letts, 2017). When ancillary industries are taken into account, the real estate impact on ChineseRead MoreThe Las Vegas Real Estate Market Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesI ve been investing in the Las Vegas real estate market for several years and currently own a few rental homes there. This market used to be very good to me. Now, I take a financial loss on every rental property owned in Clark County Nevada. The Las Vegas real estate market has not fared well with the roll of the dice. The only winners in this game of roulette have been the banks. Speculators are convinced Las Vegas is paying the price for all its sins, as if the state of Nevada is being forcedRead MoreBenefits Of Online Travel Agencies Essay1437 Words   |  6 PagesThanks to Internet, the resources and information are convenient to reach, and customers no longer need to visit local travel retailers. Thus the online travel agencies(OTAs) take customers away, shrinking the travel retailers’ market share to one third. For example, in United States, the travel retail location declined from 34,000 in the mid-1990s to13,000 in 2013. (L. Weber, 2013) OTAs have somehow substituted travel retailers and become another intermediate between customers and merchants. TheRead MoreThe Real Estate Market Hit Rock Bottom882 Words   |  4 PagesWhen the real estate market hit rock bottom, trust was broken between the lenders and the borrowers. The lenders of financial institutions no longer trust approving loans to less than perfect borrowers, while the borrows no longer trust lenders to give them a home ownership deal that they can not only afford, but won’t devalue their property and leave their homes underwater in the future. The economy is recovering, albeit slowly, yet both lenders and borrowers feel that trust has been broken. HowRead MoreRacial And Ethnic Distribution Of The Community District 17 And The New York City Department Of City Planning Community1202 Words   |  5 Pagesand Cost According Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy (2014), the housing stock in Community District 17 was built between the 1950’s and mid 2000’s. Land use in as specified by the New York City Department of City Planning Community (2014) district profile highlights that 44.7% of the housing stock is made up of 1-2 family residents. Multifamily residents account for 24.2%, mixed residential and commercial properties 4.9%. Additionally, the rental vacancy rate for the District was 4Read MoreSWOT Analysis of Florostone Real Estate Management1660 Words   |  7 PagesSWOT ANALYSIS Florostone Real Estate Management Who or what is Florostone? Florostone is a Property Management Company with a limited liability company status (LLC); their office is located in Essex County in the state of New Jersey. Being an LLC the company owners can enjoy certain perks in the business world. One such advantage is that the profit and loss of the company passes through the members instead of the corporation, the members can therefore report this profit and loss on their federalRead MoreMission Statement : At 180 Investments Our Mission Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagesaffordable rental properties and providing renovated and updated homes to consumers for purchase. We have often found that communities in the rental sector become outdated and cookie cutter, leaving the renter with a sense that their home is temporary. We believe that our design, business/investment talent, and passion for those in our committee can offer our clients the stability and comforts of home even if they don’t own the property. By fo cusing on breathing new life into real estate and offeringRead MoreThe Real Estate Industry Is An Industry2194 Words   |  9 Pages The real estate industry is an industry where consumers can purchase, rent, or lease real estate, manage residential, commercial, and industrial properties, and provide other real estate related services, including appraisals (CITATAION). The demand for real estate is driven by economic growth, personal finance, and rates of employment, interest rates, and access to funds. (CITATION) The return on investment of an individual relies on the value and demand of the property, which are both influenced

Animal Farm Compared To The Russian Revolution Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm Compared To The Russian Revolution Essay All of the characters in Animal farm have counterparts in real life. This book was based on the Russian Revolution, and all the important populace of the revolution are symbolized. Some of the animals represent individuals in the Russian Revolution, and some types of animals represent different types of Russian citizens. The book carries out much like the actual revolution. It starts out with hopes of an empire where all are equal and the unfair unjust leader is thrown out. Then it moves on to where some individuals begin to take more power than is rightfully theirs. At the end the rulers have completely taken over and the kingdom is as it was under the original rulers. I will compare the animals from top of the social class to the bottom. At the top were the pigs. Each pig represented someone different in the revolution. Old Major is compared to Lenin. He was an ideologist who dreamed up a wonderful government where all the animals were equal and the humans, or the czars, were pushe d out. Unfortunately his dream would never materialize. Then we are left with his predecessors. The first is Snowball. Snowball believed one hundred percent in Old Majors ideals. He wanted all the things Old Major wanted, such as the welfare of the animals. In the Russian Revolution his counterpart would be Trotsky. Trotsky believed and wanted the same things as Lenin, and wanted to continue what Lenin had started. Then comes Napoleon. Napoleon was selfish and greedy. He did not want to share the power or the decision making with any other individual. This was the same for Stalin. At first Napoleon and Snowball shared the decision making and had debates about what course of action they would take. This worked for awhile. Then Napoleon grew weary of long debates, and he thought he could make the decision by himself. He then forced Snowball out of the farm and started to spread lies about Snowball to get the entire farm against him. Stalin did the same thing against Trotsky and forced Trotsky into hiding into Mexico, where he was eventually assassinated. Both Stalin and Napoleon ruined any hopes of equal and fare government and instead set up dictatorships. Then comes the final important pig, Squealer. Squealer did not make the decisions in the government but acted more like the controlled media as in the Russian government. His job was to influence the people by exaggerating and re-writing history and sometimes telling plain lies all together. The people would listen to him, and he would always listen to Napoleon. Other animals were the worker class type citizens. The types of citizens range from hard working to selfish and lazy. Molly, for instance, only cared about her ribbons, and wasnt much of a thinker. All she wanted to do was eat sugar, and look pretty. Benjamin was a critic who always said ?Ive seen that before? and ?Itll never work.? The cat was just plain lazy, and was always disappearing whenever work had to be done. The ducks were weak and did not g et much done. Then there were other donkeys which worked much harder and never thought of their own needs. The pigeons acted as message carriers spreading propaganda between farms, spreading Napoleons words from farm to farm, or in the actual Russian Revolution, country to country. Although all these animals are very different, they all shared one common trait. They were all weak. They all let Napoleon take over without much resistance. Just like Stalin took over Russia. These animals were too weak, too scared, or just lacked the intelligence required to do something about it. This is where it is the fault of the people. They should have stood up to Napoleon for what they fought for in the first place. The people must stand up to those who would destroy the system or else all is lost. I think that this story was a good representation of the actual Russian Revolution. But it is even more than that. It shows how people can let certain individuals get away with anything just because th ey do not feel like standing up to them. If you tried, this story could also be compared to other times in history when the people let dictatorships form in their own country. I enjoyed this book a lot but I do not think that it should be just compared to the Russian Revolution. .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac , .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac .postImageUrl , .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac , .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac:hover , .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac:visited , .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac:active { border:0!important; } .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac:active , .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc23fd7162ec204f2c1d95bd6040c3ac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Iq Testing (594 words) Essay

The Gatewood Caper Matthew Watson Essay Example For Students

The Gatewood Caper Matthew Watson Essay The Gatewood Caper is an exciting detective story by American author Dashiell Hammett. It was written and is set during the 1920s in California, on the west coast of the U. S. A. It centres around a rich entrepreneur whose daughter is kidnapped and a 50,000 dollar ransom is placed on her by her captors. The main character, an anonymous detective cleverly solves the mystery by revealing that in fact Gatewoods daughter has arranged her own kidnapping to free herself from her fathers oppression. The plot of this piece is just as relevant now as it would have been in the 1920s: there is still a very real threat for many wealthy families of the kidnapping of their offspring nowadays. Much is made in the national press about the cost of personal security to protect the families of the rich and famous. Hammett enthralls the reader by maintaining curiosity, a lively pace and suspense levels throughout The Gatewood Caper by moving through the plot quickly with snippets of information, by his use of desperation in the dialogue between the main characters, by referring to the potential dangers of this type of situation and by changing the scene often. Intrigue is inbuilt to the plot. From the outset we understand how difficult it is to glean useful and workable information about the circumstances of the kidnapping from the frantic, boorish and domineering father, he wanted results, it seemed, and not questions, and so I wasted nearly an hour getting information that he could have given me in fifteen minutes. The dialogue between the detective and Harvey Gatewood is also important to the style of the piece. Ive never been clubbed into doing anything in my life! And Im too old to start now! characterises Mr Gatewoods way of working. He does not accept professional advice easily and therefore life has not been made easy for the detective or for the reader. Another way that Hammett puts excitement into the story is by having little unnecessary scene setting. He does this in the first few chapters by laying down the plot for the whole story: quickly introducing the client and the case and by using several short sentences in a row. The author is particularly successful at building tension as he conjures scenes of fast moving action especially at the crucial point where the ransom is to be dropped off. The characters must quickly devise a plan in this fraught situation to entrap or identify the captors. All four detectives and undercover police working on the job are put into place along the dimly lit streets and alleyways to shadow each other. At several points, people enter the scene and our suspicions are immediately aroused but they appear to be red herrings devised to build more tension and drama. The captor finally appears in the guise of a woman to lift the ransom and quickly disappears again, . scuttled to the black mouth of an alley.